THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE OF THE NEVA LIP.
THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE OF THE NEVA LIP.
Phillip Jakovlevich Saprykin.
Large water system - Ladoga lake - Neva with its sleeves -
The Neva lip - gulf of Finland - has arisen on a joint of two large
Tectonic structures: the Baltic board combined by the ancient mountain
Breeds metamorficheskogo origins, and Russian platform, where these
Breeds are covered by a powerful cover of young sedimentary adjournment. In this water
System run a number of the large rivers (Svir, Volkhov, Vuoksa), and also
Set of the small rivers, which arrangement on a surface in many
Cases it is connected with zones of plumage of deep tectonic breaks. About
Communications of superficial and deep waters the increase fact testifies
Level of superficial waters of all system during the periods of solar activity,
As is known, making active geological processes on a planet.
For the periods of solar activity occurrence of the powerful is characteristic also
Atmospheric streams. During long western winds,
Directed against a water current in Neva, in SanktPeterburge, decorating
Flooding arise themselves river delta, also. For three centuries of existence
Cities he has gone through more than 60 serious flooding, and most
The catastrophic repeated with periodicity in 100 years is was in
1724, 1824 and 1924. Other flooding, thanks to the smaller
Intensity of a wind and faster change of its direction, have appeared not
So pernicious for a city. Scales of the negative economic
Consequences of flooding for a city it is difficult to overestimate.
In the end of the twentieth century in the Neva lip basically it has been finished
Building of the protective dam blocking access to waters of a gulf in
The moments nagona waters. It is necessary to notice, that the Neva lip concerns to
To shallow pools - its depth near to a dam makes about 8 m,
And about islands of delta of Neva - only nearby 2п . Such difference is connected with
That waters of Neva and its sleeves at an input in a lip sharply reduce the
Speed also dump terrigennyj (glinisto - sandy) a material. With
The rough occurred integration and city industrialisation in the XX-th century
Growth of industrial and biogene drains in the rivers and channels of a city and, together
With terrigennym a material, the bottom of the Neva lip became covered more and more
Powerful layer of harmful deposits. As a result of dam building Neva
The lip became internal pool of a city and has actually turned in
Lagoon. Speed of movement of water that promoted has decreased
skaplivaniju in a lagoon of harmful substances. Frequent change of a direction of a wind in
To lip creates conditions for their carrying over on all water area and creations
Near to a dam of stagnant sites with the raised impurity.
The special commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences on ecology of the Neva lip
Has come to rather unfavourable conclusions. Sanitary-and-hygienic
The status of the Neva lip is catastrophic: on if-index,
Reflecting concentration of intestinal sticks in water, the norm is exceeded in
10 - 100 times, and in separate tests - in 1000 times. In 60-80 % of all
The studied tests of water the pathogenic microflora (salmonella) contains.
Water is estimated as epidemiologicheski the dangerous. In a benthonic sheet of water
Microbic pollution in tens, and in ground adjournment - in hundreds and
Thousand times more, than in a blanket. Waters are especially dangerous at
Northern coast of a lip which is a sanatorium zone.
Pollution has concerned also kingdoms of fishes. Actually 100 % of the fish living in
To the Neva lip, contains toxic substances in the quantity exceeding
Sanitary norms and maximum concentration limit also it is not suitable in food. In the Neva lip
High level of pollution is observed by a sewage which are steady
To oxidation and patogenny within 15-20 years. Till now all
The megacity is captured by a network of the modern water drain.
Excrements as a part of sewage it is dumped in the rivers and channels of a city,
Polluting the Neva lip and creating serious danger of pollution
priustevyh sites of Neva, coast Vasilevsky, Yelagin and
Krestovsky of islands where norm excess is observed on if-index
To 1000 times. Through household drains within days in a city
It is thrown out not less than 1200-1500 tons of excrements. Researches have shown,
That level of the maintenance of pathogenic bacteria in water at coast
Gulf of Finland, above admissible norm. It has led to that
The majority of beaches is unsuitable for bathing. Except excrements, in Neva
Lip only in rather favorable 1988 it has been dumped: 1250
Oil tons, 9448 tons of ammoniac nitrogen, 983 tons of iron, 50 tons
Lead, 2800 tons of phosphorus, 142 tons of zinc. It is known, that complex
Connections of heavy metals with organic substances gumusa and
Excrements influence organisms gidrobioty and the person many times over
More strongly, than independently.
It is necessary to notice, that by "Water canal" there is already begun successful job on
To reduction of dump with sewage of heavy metals, in particular -
Waste of galvanic manufacture.
Obvious necessity immediately to search is represented for ways
Protection of water of the Neva lip against pathogenic bacteria. For struggle with
Faecal pollution can to try use at creation
Treatment facilities a method developed by A.F.Koshkinym, L.A.
Koshkinoj, A.N., Dulakovym and A.L.Jutkinym (a stalemate. d 2036162 from January, 20th
1991) which have offered "the Way of the electrohydraulic
Disinfectings of liquids, mainly cattle-breeding drains and
The device for its realisation. "Most likely, the method can
To appear effective and on excrements, as on cattle-breeding
Drains it has led to utter annihilation of pathogenic bacteria. If
Experiments in the given direction will yield positive results,
The victory in struggle for cleanliness of the water environment will be provided.
Another serious zagrjaznitelem waters of the Neva lip is Trading
Port. Round it there is a stain of pollution in diameter 6-8 km,
Lasting towards Petrodvorets and Lomonosov. Besides, residential areas
About port feel noise influence and air pollution
Numerous here a truck transport.
It is obvious, that time has come to replace the location of Trading port
And to liberate the perfect territory rather close to the city
To the centre. It is represented to those planned city more surprisingly
Administration port expansion on a former place, mainly, for
The bill otvoevyvanija at water area of the Neva lip of bulk territories. So,
At financial support of agency "п п п?я п я " it is supposed to construct
The big closed sailing of ground adjournment of the cleared rivers and city channels
Capacity about 13 million п 3. Zasypka should be spent during
10 years (2007-2017). The area zasypki will make 1100 hectares and will be
It is blocked by sand and a ground. There is no confidence that the similar
The burial place will rescue from gradual washing away of harmful substances from
Storehouses and rather small expenses (73 mln. dollars) for it
Construction will not turn back the first payment in fund of our ecological
Chernobyl.
In connection with port expansion impressive expenses (3050 be required
Mln. dollars) on deepening of the Sea channel for pass maintenance
Courts with low osadkoj. It is possible to expect considerable acceleration
Processes of pollution of waters of the Neva lip and more bolshego pollution
Air of nearby residential areas. Alternative, according to the author,
The radical reorganisation of the Neva lip should serve. It is important, that
The first step in this direction is already made - the grandiose is constructed
The protective dam which has changed a hydrodynamic mode of water system.
Let's consider the basic directions of such reorganisation.
* First, it is necessary to increase speed of movement of water aside
Dams by correction (a flattening and podsypki) coastal lines (with
Their promotion in a gulf). It will allow to increase water exchange in a lagoon and
To liquidate stagnant and shallow sites.
The bulk territory which has arisen thus on Northern coast Neva
Lips, on Krestovsky, Vasilevsky and islands Elaginom, it is offered
To use as beaches. Similar territories on Southern coast
Lips are expedient for using for building of hotels, campings,
Tourist centres, restaurants and pleasure institutions. This coast
Should become a facade of a city and its building should correspond
To spirit of a city - a museum of architecture 17 - 19 centuries. Auction on sale
Here sites can fill up city treasury considerably. For an alluvium
Territories the ground of a lagoon at the expense of its deepening can be used
To 10-12п . Most of all a ground it will be removed around east part
Lagoons where the Passenger port is placed, and depth makes all 2п .
Most likely, need for the Sea channel in this case will disappear.
Capacity of ground adjournment of a lagoon where the harmful are concentrated
Substances, it is insignificant - less 50я п . Therefore at their use together with
Breeds of a bottom as a material for zasypki alluvial territories these
Substances will not put essential harm and will appear
The buried. Business with use in quality more difficult is
zasypnogo a ground of the powerful and intensively polluted ground adjournment
The cleared rivers and channels of a city which are supposed to be buried at
Kanonersky island. These adjournment should be separated from the harmful
Substances of an organic origin and only after that can be
Are used together with cambrian glinami - otvalnymi breeds
Underground buildings. The taken organic substance can be
It is processed under the existing scheme on island treatment facilities White. In
Quality zasypnogo a material the mineral can be used also
Building waste and vskryshnye breeds of nearby deposits
Building materials.
* The trading port should be taken out for dam limits, following the project,
To the developed V.I.Lysenko.
The old port can be used as large international yacht-club.
Released trading and warehouse can be used
Under garages, that considerably will release a city from the transport stored
In streets.
* The dam from a West side should be surrounded by alluvial islands.
According to heads "Morzashchity" ("the St.-Petersburg sheets"
From 02.12.99) last flooding in December, 1999 has shown, that
The dam demands protection against destruction. Survey of a dam special
The commission has established presence of an emergency site at an island South side
Kotlin, a material of a dam threatening by sliding in the Sea channel and,
Hence, sea isolation of a city. Besides, in opinion
Experts, for effective counteraction nagulnoj the wind
To wave in height 5п , capable to call the next catastrophic
Flooding, dam is necessary for increasing on height that will demand
To spend about 200 million dollars.
To prevent washout of a dam and to weaken action nagulnoj waves it is possible
Having created from a dam outer side alluvial islands which should
To direct the water following from alignments of a dam, not directly, as it
Becomes now, and on the north or the northwest, then the passer western
The wind is unable exhaust water from gulf of Finland in a lagoon.
How to use territory of these islands? In conversation from V.I.Lysenko
There was a construction variant on these islands of high-rise houses, which
Can be used for harbour authorities and district road,
Passing on a dam. At the successful architectural decision they can become
New symbol of sea capital of Russia.
So to us the future of the Neva lip transformed from a ditch sees
Megacity in a man-made pearl of a city. St. Petersburg
It is certainly worthy such reconstruction of the sea facade.
The author would be grateful to Petersburgers and officials of a city for
Discussion of the mentioned problem on newspaper pages.
Saprykin Phillip Jakovlevich,
The doctor of geologo-mineralogical sciences,
The veteran of Medical geography,
Member of the union of scientists of St.-Petersburg,
Ph. 513-47-90.
(On materials: F.J.Saprykin. An ecological status of St.-Petersburg
- City-museum of the European architecture. Transformation of a city to a zone
Tourism and rest. SPb, "Bowels". 1999, 83 S).
Electronic magazine "EcoNews" N14 2000.06.08
//* an information Source: п п п п я я п?п?п?i п iя я i, 12.06.00
//* Reg. Nom. - 2100600108.06-------------------------------------------
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